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Sains Malaysiana 54(10)(2025): 2445-2454
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2025-5410-09
Fabrication of a Laccase-Immobilised Biosensor Based
on Carboxylated (Pembuatan Biosensor Terpegun Lakase Berdasarkan Tiub Nano Karbon Berbilang Dinding Berkarboksilasi untuk Pengesanan Tyramine Sensitif)
NURUL SYAZWANI KIZZON1 SYAZA AZHARI 1,* NURUL HANA MAS’OD &
1Faculty
of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai,
Received: 2 May 2025/Accepted: 5 August 2025
Abstract
Tyramine is a molecular substance found in foods
that can adversely affect consumers due to its toxicity, posing risks to both
human health and food quality. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor the
excessive concentration of tyramine in meals. Biosensors have attracted
considerable attention from researchers due to their benefits, including
portability, ease of use, and high specificity. This study aimed to develop a
biosensor by specifically modifying multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with
a carboxyl group (-COOH) to immobilise laccase (Lac) enzyme molecules, thereby
enhancing the biosensor’s characteristics, including faster response times, a
wider detection range, and higher sensitivity. The modified screen-printed
carbon electrode (SPCE) was characterised using differential pulse voltammetry
(DPV), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Fourier
Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The optimised parameters of the
Lac-MWCNT-COOH SPCE biosensor exhibited excellent performance at pH 7 in
phosphate buffer solution, within the tested pH range of 5.0-9.0, with 3 µL of
laccase enzyme (range 1-5 µL), at 0.2 V deposition potential (range 0.1-0.5 V),
and a deposition time of 5 s (range 3-7 s). The SPCE modified was successfully
fabricated for tyramine determination, achieving a limit of detection (LOD) of
0.09 mM.
Keywords: Biogenic amine; biosensor; multi-walled
carbon nanotubes; tyramine
Abstrak
Tyramine adalah sebatian molekul yang terdapat dalam makanan dan boleh memberi kesan buruk kepada pengguna kerana ketoksikannya, sekali gus memberi kesan negatif kepada kesihatan manusia dan kualiti makanan. Oleh itu, adalah penting untuk memantau kepekatan kandungan tyramine yang berlebihan dalam makanan. Penggunaan biosensor telah menarik minat penyelidik kerana kelebihan seperti kebolehgunaan, kemudahan penggunaan dan keupayaan khusus yang tinggi. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk membangunkan biosensor dengan mengubah suai tiub nano karbon berdinding pelbagai (MWCNT) khusus dengan kumpulan karboksil (-COOH) untuk memegun molekul enzim lakase, sekali gus meningkatkan ciri biosensor seperti masa tindak balas yang lebih cepat, julat pengesanan yang lebih luas dan kepekaan yang lebih tinggi. Ciri dan sifat elektrokimia elektrod karbon cetak skrin (SPCE) yang telah diubah suai telah dikaji menggunakan Mikroskopi Elektron Pengimbasan Pancaran Medan (FESEM), Spektroskopi Inframerah Transformasi Fourier (FTIR), voltametri denyut kebezaan (DPV) dan voltametri kitaran (CV). Parameter optimum untuk biosensor Lac-MWCNT-COOH SPCE menunjukkan prestasi yang baik pada pH 7 dalam larutan penampan fosfat (julat 5.0-9.0), dengan 3 µL enzim lakase (julat 1-5 µL), potensi pemendapan 0.2 V (julat 0.1-0.5 V) dan masa pemendapan 5 saat (julat 3-7 saat). Elektrod SPCE yang diubah suai telah berjaya dibangunkan dan direka untuk pengesanan tyramine, menunjukkan had pengesanan (LOD) serendah 0.09 mM.
Kata kunci: Amina biogen; biosensor; tiub nano karbon berdinding pelbagai; tyramine
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